Life Cycle Models of Biobased Product Systems

Over the next century, a much larger fraction of chemicals, materials and fuels will be produced from plant raw materials. These biobased industrial products offer the potential for a much more sustainable economy based on environmentally-superior products. In order to realize the full economic and environmental benefits of biobased products, we must carefully analyze and improve their life cycle performance. We are currently involved in life cycle studies involving "refining" of corn, soybeans and forage crops (alfalfa and switchgrass) to fuel ethanol and other products. Our goal is to identify portions of the overall agricultural production, biorefining and product use systems that have the greatest impact on environmental and economic performance so that these areas can be targeted for additional research and improvement.

Utilization of Renewable Resources

Eventually more fuels, chemicals and materials will be produced from renewable plant materials. Our current work is focused on pretreatments to increase the conversion of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars. We collaborate with others on the development of microorganisms and engineering strategies to ferment complex mixtures of these sugars. A new project is to genetically engineer plants to express the cellulase (cellulose-hydrolyzing) enzymes in plant tissue and then to develop processing strategies so that these enzymes can retain their activity until they are released in the biorefinery. We are also working to develop optimal mixtures of hydrolytic enzymes to convert the complex carbohydrates in biomass to fermentable sugars.

Reviewed Journal Publications

Balan,V.; Bals, B.; Chundawat, SPS; Jin, M.; Dale, BE "Biochemical and Thermochemical conversion of switchgrass to Biofuels" Switchgrass:a Valuable biomass crop for Energy. to be published by Springer-Verlang London Ltd. in November 2012. (Communicated).

Humpula, J.F; Upppugundla, N.; Vismeh, R.; Sousa, LD; Chundawat, SPS; Jones, AD; Balan, V.; Dale, BE; Cheh, AM. " AFEX pre-treated corn stover derived decomposition products inhibit cellulase activity. " (Under Preparation ) (2012).

Jones, A.D.; Humpula, J.F.; Souse, L.D.; Dale, B.E.; Balan, V. " Identification and quantification of diferulates in AFEX pretreated corn stover. " (Under preparation) (2012).

Vismeh, R.; Chundawat, SPP; Humpula, JF; Souse, LD; Balan, V.; Dale,BE.; Jones, A.D.; " Profiling of Oligosaccharides and Related Degradation Products by AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass using LC/ TOF- MS." (Under Preparation) (2012).

Sousa, LD; Tang, X.; Krishnan, C. ; Chundaway, SPS; Dale, B.E.; Balan ,V.; " High Solid loading enzyme hydrolysis of AFEX treated corn stover and Miscanthus." (Under Preparation) (2012).

Chundawat, SPS; Chang, L.; Gunawan, C.; Balan, V.; McMahan, C.; Dale, BE; "Guayule as feedstock for lignocellulosic biorefineries using ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment. Industrial Crops and Products (accepted) (2012).

Jin, M.; Balan, V.; Gunawan, C.; Dale,BE " Quantitatively understanding of reduced xylose fermentation performace in AFEX treated corn stover hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A (LNH-ST)." Bioresource Technology (2012) (accepted).

Garlock, RJ; Bals, B.; Poonam, J.; Balan, V.;Dale, BE.; " Potential for Biofuel Production from Low- Input Mixed-Speices Feedstocks with Comparison to Conventional Corn Stover." Biomass Bioenergy (2012) (in press)

Bals, B; Dale, BE.; Balan, V. " Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High Value Uses" Book chapter for 'Biorefinery Co-Products: Phytochemicals, Primary Metaboloites and Value-Aded Biomass Processing' Wiley Publication (in press) (2012).

Garlock, R.J.; Balan, V.; Dale, B.E. "Optimization for AFEX pretreatment conditions and enzyme mixture to maximize sugar release from upland and lowland switchgrass." Bioresource Technology 104: 757-768 (2012).

Garlock, R.J.; WOng, YS; Balan.V.; Dale, BE; "AFEX Pretreatment and Enzymatic Conversion of Black Locust (Robina pseudoacacia L.)" Biomass and Bioenergy. DOI 10.1007/s12155-011-9134-6 (2012).

Jin, M; Gunawan, C.; Uppugundla, N.; Balan, V.; Dale,BE; " A novel integrated biological process for cellulosic ethanol production featuring high ethanol productivity, enzyme recycling, and yeast cells reuse." Energy and Environmental Science (Accepted) (2012).

Jin, M.; Gunawan, C.; Balan, V.; Dale,BE; " Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of AFEX pretreated corn stover for ethanol production using Clostridium phytofermentas as high solids loading. " Bioresource Technology (Accepted) (2012).

Jin, M.; Balan,V.; Gunawan, C.; Dale, B.E.; " Quantitatively understanding of reduced xylose fermentation performance in AFEX treated corn stover hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisae 424A (LNH-ST) and Escheria Coli KO11." Bioresource Technology. (Accepted) (2012).

Woei, M.; Bryan, D.; Bals, B.; Chundawat, SPS; Gunawan, C.; Jin, M.; Balan, V.; Jones, AD; Dale, BE. " Inhouse enzyme production in biorefinery- a new paradigm." Energy and Environmetal Science (Communicated) (2012).

Jin, M.; Sato, TK; Gunawan, C.; Bice, BD; Dale, B.E.; Balan, V. " Characterization of an engineered wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered for cellulosic ethanol production from AFEX treated biomass," Biotechnology Bioengineering (Communicated) (2012).

Harun, S; Dale, BE; Takriff, MS; Hassan, O.; Jahim, J. " Biomass particle size can influences sugar conversion in unexpected ways. " Bioresources technology (Communicated) (2012).

Jin, M.; Gunawan, C.; Balan, V.; Dale, BE.; "Continuous SSCF of AFEW pretreted corn stover for enhanced ethanol productivity using commercial enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A (LNH-ST). BE Energy and Environmental Science (Communicated) (2012).

Uppungundla, N.; Yu, X.; Sousa, LD.; Dale, B.E.; Balan, V.; " Material Balances for Biochemical Conversion of Ammonia (AFEX). Ionic liquid and dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass to bio-fuels" (Under preparation) (2012).

Jin, M.; Balan, V.; Hunawan, C.; Dale, B.E.,"Consolidated Bioprocesssing (CBP) Performance of Clostridium phytofermentans on AFEX-Treated Corn Stover for Ethanol Production." Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 108, 1290-1297 (2011).

Kammes, K.L.; Bals, B.; Dale, B.E.; Allen, M., "Grass leaf protein, a Co-product of Cellulosic Ethanol Production, as a source of protein for livestock. Anim. Feed SciTech. 164: 79-88 (2011).

Park, S.H.; Ransom, C.; Mei, C; Sbzikar, R.; Qui, C.; Chundawat, S.; Dale, B.; Stricklen, M. J.Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 86:633-641 (2011).

Xia, J.; Jones, AD; Lau, MW; Yuan, Y-.J.; Dale, BE; Balan, V.; Sendich , E.; Dale,BE, " Estimating the impact of Ammonia Fieber Expansion (AFEX) pretreatment conditions on the cost of ethanol production." Bioresource Technology 102:1277-1283 (2011).

Sousa, LD; Elder, T.; Chundawat, SPS; Donohue, BS; Elder,T; Agarwal, UP; Lu, F.; Ralph, J.; Himmel, ME; Balan, V.; Dale, BE, "Multi-Scale visualization and characterization of lingocellulosic plant cell wall deconstruction during thermochemical pretreatment." Energy and Environmental Science, 4:5 (2011).

Humpula, F.; Chundawat, SPS; Vismeg, R.; Jones, AD; Balan, V.; Dale, BE, " Rapid Qualification of major reaction products formed during thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using GC-MS." Chromatography B 879: 1018-1022 (2011).

Balan, V.; Bals, B.; Souse, LD; Garlock, R.; Dale, BE; "A Short Review on Ammonia based Lignocelluloses' Biomass Pretreatment," RSC Energy and Environment Series No.4 , Chemical and Biochemical Catalysis for Next generation Biofuel," Edited by Blake Simmons Royals Society of Chemistry 2011 (Chapter 5) . PP89-114.

Gao, D.; Chundawat, SPS; Uppugundla, N.; Balan, V.; Dale, B.E; "Binding Characteristics of Trichoderma reesi Cellulases on Untreated, Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreated and dilute-acid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass." Biotech. Bioeng. 108: 1788-1880 (2011).

Wymann, CE; Balan,V.; Dale, BE; Elander, RT; Falls, M; Hames, B.; Holtzapple, MT; Ladisch, MR; Lee, YY; Mosier, N.; Pallapolu, VR; Shi, J.; Thomas, SR. Warner, RE; " Comparative Data on Effects of Leading Pretreatments and Enzyme Loading and Formulation on Sugar Yields from Different Switchgrass Sources. " Bioresource Technol. 102 (24) : 11052-11062 (2011).

Garlock, R.J.; Balan, V.; Dale, BE.; Pallapolu, VR; Lee, YY; Kim,Y.;Mosier, NS; Ladisch, MR; Holtzapple, MT; Falls, M; Sierra, R.; Shi, J; Ebrik, MA; Redmond, T.; Yang, B.; Wyman, CE; Donohue, BS; Vinzant, TB; Elander, RT; Hames, B.s; Thomas, S.; Warner, RE. " Comparitive material balances around leading pretreatment technologies for the conversion of switchgrass to soluble sugars" Bioresource Technology 102(24): 11063-11071 (2011)

Kim,Y; Mosier, NS; Ladisch, MR; Hammes, B.; Thomas, S.; Donohue, BS; Vinzant, TB; Elander, RT; Warner, RE; Falls, Ml Shi, J; Ebrik, MA; Redmond, T.; Yang, B.; Wyman, CE; Garlock, R.; Balan,V.; Dale, B.E; Investigation of enzyme formulation on pretreated swtichgrass" Bioresource Technol. 102(24): 11072-11079 (2011).

Shi, J.; Ebrik, M.A.; Yang, B.; Garlock, BJ; Balan, V.; Dale, BE; Pallaplu, VR; Lee, YY; Kim, Y.; Mosier, NS; Ladisch, MR; Holtzapple, MT; Falls, M; Sierra, R.' Donohue, BS; Vinzant, TB; Elander, RT; Hames B; Thomas, S.; Warner, RE; Wyman, CE; " Application of cellulose and hemicellulose to pure xylan, pure cellulose, and switchgrass solids and leading pretreatments," Bioresource Technology 102(24): 11080-11088 (2011).

Kim, Y.; Mosier, NS; Ladisch, MR; Pallapolu, VR; Lee, YY; Garlock, R.; Balan,V.; Dale, BE.; Donohue, BS; Vinzant, Tb; Elander, RT; Falls, M.; Sierra, R; Holtzappls, MT; Shi, J.; Ebrik, M.A.; Redmond, T.; Yang, B.; Wymann, CE; Warner, RE; "Comparative study on enzymatic digestibility of switchgrass varieties and harvest processed by leading pretreatment technologies" Bioresource technology 102( 24): 11089-11096 (2011) .

Tao, L.; Aden, A.; Elander, RT; Pallapolu, VR; Lee, YY. Garlock, RJ.; Baln,V.; Dale, BE.; Kim, Y.; Mosier, NS; Ladisch; Fall, M.; Holtzapple, MT; Sierra, R.; Shi, J.; Ebrik, MA; Redmond, T; Yang, B; Wyman, CE, Hames, B.; Thomas, S.; Warner, RE "Process and technoeconomic analysis of leading pretreatment technologies for lingocellulosic ethanol production using switchgrass" Bioresource Technology 102(24) : 11105-11114 (2011).

Donohue, BS; Vinzant, TB' Elander, RT; Pallapolu; Lee, YY; Garlock, RJ; Balan, V.; Dale, BE; Kim, Y.; Mosier, NS; Ladisch, MR; Falls; M.; Holtzapple, MT; Sierra, R.; Sierra R.; Shi, J.; Ebrik, MA; Redomond,T; Yang, B.; Wyman CE; Hames, B. ; Thomas, S; Warner, RE " Surface and ultr-structural characterization of raw and pretreated switchgrass" Bioresource Technology. 102 (24): 11097-11104 (2011).

Pallapolu, VR; Lee, YY; Garlock, RJ; Balan, V; Dale, BE; Kim, Y.; Mosier, NS; Ladisch, MR; Holtzapple, MT; Falls, M; Sierra, R.; Shi, J.; Ebrik, MA; Redmond, T.; Yan, B; Wyman, Ce; Donohue, BS, Vinzant, TB; Elander, RT; Hames, B.; Thomas, S.; Warner, RE; " Effects of Enzyme Loading on beta- Glucosidase on Enyzmatic Hydrolysis of Switchgrass Processed by Leading Pretreatment Technologies." Bioresource Technology 102(24): 1115-11120 (2011).

Li,C; Cheng. G.; Balan,V.; Kent, MS; Ong, M.; Chundawat, SPS; Sousa, LD; Melnichenko, YB; Dale, BE; Simmon, BA; Singh, S.; "Influence of Physico-Chemical Changes on Enzymatic Digestibility of Ionic Liquid and AFex pretreated Corn Stove," Bioresource Technology 102: 6928-6936 (2011).

Chundawat, SPS; Bellesia, G.; Uppundala, N; Sousa, LD; Gao, D. ; Cheh, A.; Agarwal, UP; Bianchetti, C.M.; Phillips, Jr. Gn; Langan P.; Balan,V.; Gnanakaran, S.; Dale, B.E. " Restructuring crystalline cellulose hydrogen bond network enhances it depolymerization rate." J. Am. Chemical Society, 133:11163- 11174 (2011).

Lipton, M.S; Purvine, M.S; Uppugaundla, N ; Gao, D.; Balan, V.; Dale, BE. "Proteomics based compositional analysis of complex cellulase- hemicellulase mixtures" Proteome Res 10(10): 4365-72. (2011).

Gao, J.; Quian, L.; Thelen, K.D; Hao, X.; Sousa, L.D.; Lau, M.W. Dale, B.E.; Balan , V.; Corn Harvest Strategies for Combined Starch and Cellulosic Bioprocessing to Ethanol" Agronony Journal. 103:844-850 (2011).

Wohlbach, D.J.; Kuo, A.; Sato, TK.; Potts, KM; Salamov, KM; LaButti, KM; Sun,H.; Clum, A.; Pangilinan, J.L.; Lindequest,EA; Lucas, S.; Lapidus, A.; Jin, M; Gunawan, C.; Balan, V.; Dale, BE.; Jeffries, TW; Zinkel, R.; Barry, K.W.; Grigoriev, IV; Gasch, AP. " Comparative genomics of xylose- fermenting fungi for enhanced biofuel production," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108: 13212-13217 (2011).

Sha, X.; Jin, M.; Guseva, A.; Liu, C.; Balan,V.; Hogsett, D.; Dale, BE; Lynd, L.; " Conversion for Avicel and AFEX pretreated corn stover by Clostridium termocellum and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation: Insights into microbial conversion of pretreated cellulosic biomass.: Bioresource Technoogy 102: 8040-8045 (2011).

Li, B.Z., Balan, V., Yuan, YJ and B. E. Dale. (2010). Process optimization to convert forage and sweet sorghum bagasse to ethanol based on ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment. Bioresource Tech. 101: 1285-1292

Chandraraj Krishnan, Leonardo da Costa Sousa, Mingjie Jin, Linpei Chang, Bruce E. Dale and Venkatesh Balan. (2010). Alkali-Based AFEX Pretreatment for the Conversion of Sugarcane Bagasse and Cane Leaf residues to Ethanol. Biotechnology Bioengineering 107, 441-450.

Ming W Lau, Christa Gunawan, Venkatesh Balan and Bruce E Dale. (2010). Comparing the fermentation performance of Escherichia coli KO11, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST) and Zymomonas mobilis AX101 for cellulosic ethanol production. Biotechnology for Biofuels 3:11

Ming W. Lau, Bruce E. Dale. (2010). Effect of primary degradation-reaction products from Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX)-treated corn stover on the growth and fermentation of Escherichia coli KO11. Bioresource Technology 101, 7849-7855.

Shishir P.S. Chundawat,Ramin Vismeh, Lekh N. Sharma, James F. Humpula, Leonardo da Costa Sousa, C. Kevin Chambliss, A. Daniel Jones, Venkatesh Balan and Bruce E. Dale. (2010). Multifaceted characterization of cell wall decomposition products formed during ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and dilute acid based pretreatments Bioresource Technology 101, 8429-8438

Mingjie Jin, Ming W. Lau, Venkatesh Balan, and Bruce E. Dale. (2010). Two-step SSCF to convert AFEX-treated switchgrass to ethanol using commercial enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST). Bioresource Technology 101, 8171-8178.

Jinmei Xia, A. Daniel Jones, Ming W. Lau, Hying- Jin-Yuan, Bruce E. Dale and Venkatesh Balan. (2010). Comparative Lipidomic Profiling of Xylose- Metabolizing S. cerevisiae and Its Parental Strain in Different Media Reveals Correlations between Membrane Lipids and Fermentation Capacity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108, 12-21.

Bryan Bals, Chris Wedding, Venkatesh Balan, Elizabeth Sendich and Bruce Dale. (2010). Evaluating the impact of a ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment conditions on the cost of ethanol production." Bioresource Technol. Ahead of print (DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.058).

Bryan Bals, Bruce E. Dale. (2010). Economic Comparison of Multiple Techniques for Recovering Leaf Protein in Biomass Processing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Ahead of print (10.1021/es101864b)

Jin, M; Lau, L.W.; Balan,V.; Dale,B.E; "Two-stage SSCF to convert Afex-treated switchgrass to ethanol using commercial enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A (LNH-ST). "Bioresource Technology 101:8171-8178 (2010).

Li,B-Z.; Balan, V.; Yuan, Y-J.; Dale, B.E., " Process Optimization to Convert Forage and Sweet Sorgham Bagasse to Ethanol Base on AFEX Pretreatment." Bioresource Technology 101: 1285-1292 (2010).

Gao, D.: Chundawat, SPS; Krishnan, C.; Dale, B.E.; Balan,V. "Process Optimization to Covert Forage and Sweet Sorghum Bagasse to Ethanol Based on AFEX Pretreatment. " Bioresouce Technology 101: 1285-1292 (2010).

Gao, D.; Chundawat, SPS; Liu, T.; Harmanson, S.; Gowda, K.; Brumm, K.; Dale, B.E.; Balan, V. " Strategy for identification of novel fungal and bacterial glycosyl hydrolase hybrid mixtures that can efficiently saccharify pretreated lignocellulosic biomass." Bioenergy Research 3:67-81 (2010).

Bals, B; Rogers, C.; Jin, M.; Balan, V.; Dale, B., "Evaluation of Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolyss of switchgrass harvested in different seasons and locations." Biotechnology for Biofuels 3:1 (2010).

Kim, Y.; Hendrickson, R.; Mosier, N.S.; Ladisch, M.R.; Bals, B.; Balan, V. ; Dale, B.E.; Dien, B.; Cotta, M. " Effect of compositional variability of distiller's grains on cellulosic ethanol production." Bioresource Technology 101:5385-5393 (2010).

Li,B-Z.; Balan, V.; Yuan,Y-J.; Dale,B.E., " Process Optimization to Covert Forage and Sweet Sorghum Bagasse to Ethanol Based on AFEX Pretreatment" Bioresource Technology 101:1285-1292 (2010).

Gao, D.: Chundawat, S.P.S; Liu, T.; Hermanson, S.; Gowda, K.; Brumm, P.; Dale, B.E.; Balan, V; "Evaluation of Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of switchgrass harvested in different seasons and locations," Biotechnology for Biofuels 3:1 (2010).

Kim, Y.; Hendrickson, R.; Mosier, N.S. ; Ladisch, M.R.; Bals, B.; Balan,V.; Dale, B.E; Dien B.; Cotta, M. " Effect of compositional variability of distillers grains on cellulosic ethanol production," Bioresource Technology 101: 5385-5393 (2010).

Chundawat, SPS; Vimeh, R.; Sharma, LN; Hunpula, JF; Sousa, LD; Chambliss, CK; Jones, AD; Balan, V.; Dale, BE, "Multi-faceted characterization of cell wall decompostition products formed during ammonia fiber expanision (AFEX) and dilute-acid based pretreatments." Bioresource Technology 101: 8429-8438 (2010).

Balan, V., Bals, B., Chundawat, S.P.S, Marshall, D. and B. E. Dale. (2009). Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment using AFEX. Methods in Mol. Biol. 581: 61-75.

Bals, B., Balan, V. and Dale, B. E. "Integrating Alkaline Extraction of Proteins with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose from Wet Distiller's Grains and Solubles." Bioresource Technology. Vol. 100: 5876-5883, (2009).

Lynd, L. R., Larson, E., Greene, N., Laser, M., Sheehan, J., Dale, B., McLaughlin, S. and Wang, M. "The Role of Biomass in America's Energy Future: Framing the Analysis." Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref. Vol. 3: 113-123, (2009).

Dale, B. E., Allen, M. S., Laser, M. and Lynd, L. R., "Protein Feeds Coproduction in Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals." Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref. Vol. 3: 219-230,(2009).

Lau, M. W. and Dale, B. E.,"Cellulosic Ethanol Production from AFEX-treated Corn Stover using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST)." Proc. National Acad. Sci. USA. Vol. 106, No. 5 pp. 1368- 1373,(2009).

Balan, V., Sousa, L. D., Chundawat, S., Marshall, D., Sharma, L., Chambliss, K, and Dale, B. (2009). Enzymatic Digestibility and Pretreatment Degradation Products of AFEX-Treated Hardwoods (Populus nigra). Biotechnol. Prog. Vol. 25: No. 2 pp. 365-375.

Balan, V., Rogers, C., Chundawat, S., Sousa, L. D., Slininger, P., Gupta, R. and Dale, B. (2009). Conversion of Extracted Oil Cake Fibers into Bioethanol including DDGS, Canola, Sunflower, Soy, Sesame and Peanut for Integrated Biodiesel Processing. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol 86: 157-165.

Kim, S., Jimenez-Gonzalez, C. and Dale, B. (2009). Enzymes for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Cradle to Gate Life Cycle Assessment. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. Vol. 14:392-400.

Kim, S. and Dale, B. E. (2009). Regional variations in greenhouse gas emissions of biobased products in the United States—corn-based ethanol and soybean oil. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. Vol. 14, 540-546.

Kim, S., Dale, B. E. and Jenkins, R. (2009). Life Cycle Assessment of Corn Grain and Corn Stover. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. Vol. 14, 160-174.

Zhong, C., Lau, M., Balan, V., Dale, B. E. and Y.J. Yuan. (2009). Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation from AFEX- treated rice straw. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 84: 667-676.

Zhang, Y.H., Berson, E., Sarkanen, S., and B. E. Dale. (2009). Pretreatment and Biomass Recalcitrance: Fundamentals and Progress. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. Vol. 153: 80-83

Urbanchuk, J.M., Kowalski, D.J., Dale, B. E. and S. Kim. (2009). Corn Amylase: Improving the Efficiency and Environmental Footprint of Corn to Ethanol through Plant Biotechnology. AgBioForum. Vol. 12(2): 149-154.

Garlock, R.J., Chundawat, S.P.S, Balan, V. and B. E. Dale. (2009). Optimizing harvest of corn stover fractions based on overall sugar yields following ammonia fiber expansion pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotech. for Biofuels. 2:29.

Lau, M.W., Gunawan, C. and B. E. Dale. (2009). The impacts of pretreatment on the fermentability of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass: a comparative evaluation between ammonia fiber expansion and dilute acid pretreatment. Biotech. for Biofuels. 2:30

Cotta, M.A.; Dale, B.E.; Balan, V.; Moniruzzaman, M.; O'Bryan, P.J.; Dien, B.S.; Ximenes, E.A.,"Enzyme characterization for hydrolysis of AFEX and liquid hot-water pretreated distiller's grains and their conversion to ethanol." Biosource Technology 99:5216-5225. (2009).

Ladisch, M., Dale, B., Tyner, W., Mosier, N., Kim, Y., Cotta, M., Dien, B., Blaschek, H., Laurenas, E., Shanks, B., Verkade, J., Schell, C. and Petersen, G. Cellulose Conversion in Dry Grind Ethanol Plants. Bioresource Technology. Vol. 99: 5157- 5160, (2008).

Dien, B. S., Ximenes, E. A., O'Bryan, P. J., Moniruzzaman, M., Li, X. L, Balan, V., Dale, B. E. and Cotta, M. A., "Enzyme Characterization for Hydrolysis of AFEX and Liquid Hot Water Pretreated Distillers Grains and Their Conversion to Ethanol." Bioresource Technology. Vol. 99: 5216-5225, (2008).

Kim, Y., Hendrickson, R., Mosier, N. S., Ladisch, M. R, Bals, B., Balan, V. and Dale, B. E." Enzyme Hydrolysis and Ethanol Fermentation of Liquid Hot Water and AFEX Pretreated Distillers Grains at High-Solids Loading." Bioresource Technology. Vol. 99: 5206-5215,(2008).

Kim, S. and Dale, B. E.,"Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Ethanol Derived from Corn Grain Via Dry Milling." Bioresource Technology. Vol. 99: 5250- 5260, (2008).

Brehmer, B., Bals, B., Sanders, J. and Dale, B. E., "Improving the Corn Ethanol Industry: Studying Protein Separation Techniques to Obtain Higher Value-Added Product Options for Distillers Grains." Biotech. Bioengr. Vol.101: 49-61, (2008).

Chundawat, S. P. S., Balan, V. and Dale, B. E. "High-Throughput Microplate Technique for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass." Biotech. Bioengr. Vol. 99: 1281-1294, (2008).

Sendich, E., Laser, M., Kim, S., Alizadeh, H., Laureano-Perez, L., Dale, B. E. and Lynd, R., "Recent Process Improvements for the Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Process and Resulting Reductions in Minimum Ethanol Selling Price." Bioresource Tech. Vol. 99: 8429-8435, (2008).

Kim, S. and Dale, B. E., "Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economics of Corn Production." Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 42: 6028-6033, (2008).

Kim. S. and Dale, B. E., " Energy and Greenhouse Gas Profiles of Polyhydroxybutyrates Derived from Corn Grain: A Life Cycle Perspective." Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 42: 7690-7695, (2008).

Balan, V., da Costa Sousa, L., Chundawat, S.P.S , Vismeh, R., Jones, A.D., and Dale, B. E., "Mushroom Spent Straw: A Potential Substrate for an Ethanol-Based Biorefinery." J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35: 293-301, (2008).

Dale, B. E., "Biofuels: Thinking Clearly about the Issues." J. Agric. Food Chem. 56: 3885-3891, (2008).

Kim, S., Dale, B. E., Drzal, L.T. and Misra, M.," Life Cycle Assessment of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Biocomposite." J. Biobased Materials and Bioenergy. 2: 85-93,(2008).

Lynd, L. R., Laser, M. S., Bransby, D., Dale, B. E., Davison, B., Hamilton, R., Himmel, M., Keller, M., McMillan, J. D., Sheehan, J. and Wyman, C. E., "How Biotech can Transform Biofuels." Nature Biotechnology. Vol. 26: 169-172,(2008).

Kim, H., Kim, S. and Dale, B. E., "Biofuels, Land Use Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Some Unexplored Variables."Environ. Science and Technology. Vol. 43: 961-967, (2008).

Kim, Y.; Hendrickson, R.; Moiser, N.S; Ladisch, M.R.; Bals, B.; Balan, V.; Dale, B.E., " Enzyme Hydrolysis and Ethanol Fermentation of Liquid hot watered AFEX pretreated distiller's grains and high-solids loadings." Biosource Technology, 99:5206-5215 (2008).

Huda, M. S., Balan, V, Drzal, L. T., Chundawat, S. P. S., Dale, B. E. and Misra, M., "Effect of Ammonia Expansion (AFEX) and Silane Treatments on Corncob Granules on the Properties of Renewable Resource Based Biocomposites," J. Biobased Materials Bioenergy, 1, no.1, 1-10 (2007).

Chundawat, S. P., Balan, V. and Dale, B. E. "Effect of Corn Stover Composition and Particle Size on AFEX Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis" Biotechnology and Bioengineering 96, #2, 219- 231 (2007).

Chundawat, S. P., Balan, V. and Dale, B. E. "Effect of Corn Stover Composition and Particle Size on AFEX Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis" Biotechnology and Bioengineering 96, #2, 219- 231 (2007).

Ransom, C., Balan, V., Biswas, G., Dale, B. E., Crockett, E. and Sticklen, M. "Heterologous Acidothermus cellulolyticus 1,4-β-endoglucanase E1 Produced with in corn biomass converts corn stover into glucose" Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Vol. 136-140, 207-219 (2007).

Bals, B., Teachworth, L., Dale, B. E. and Balan, V. "Extraction of Proteins from Switchgrass Using Aqueous Ammonia within an Integrated Biorefinery" Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 143: 187- 198 (2007)

Murnen, H. K., Balan, V., Chundawat, S., Bals, B., da Costa Sousa, L. and Dale, B. E. "Optimization of Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Miscanthus x giganteus to Fermentable Sugars. Biotechnol. Prog. 23: 846-850 (2007)

Carolan, J. E., Joshi, S. V. and Dale, B. E. "Technical and Financial Feasibility Analysis of Distributed Bioprocessing Using Biomass Pre- processing Centers" J. of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization. Vol. 5, Issue 2, Article 10 (2007)

Balan,V.; Dale, B.E, " Effect of Particle Size Based Separation of Milled Corn Stover on AFEX Pretreatment and Enzymatic Digestibility, " Biotech. Bioeng. 96:219-231 (2007).

Murnen, H.K.; Balan,V.; Chundawat,SPS; Bals, B.; Sousa,L.D.; Dale,B.E., " Optimization of Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Miscanthus x gigantus to fermentble sugars." Biotechnol. Progress 23: 846-850 (2007).

Bals, B., Dale, B. E. and Balan, V. "Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Distiller's Dry Grains and Solubles (DDGS) using Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreatment" Energy and Fuels 20, 2732-2736, (2006).

Saffron, C. M., Park, J. H., Dale, B. E. and Voice, T. C. "Kinetics of Contaminant Desorption from Soil: Comparison of Model Formulations using the Akaike Information Criterion" Environmental Science and Technology 40, 7662-7667, (2006).

Laureano-Perez, L., Dale, B. E., O'Dwyer, J. P. and Holtzapple, M. "Statistical Correlation of Spectroscopic Analysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Poplar Samples" Biotechnology Progress 22, 835-841, (2006).

Lynd, L., Greene, N., Dale, B., Laser, M., Lashoe, D., Wang, M, and Wyman, C. "Energy Returns on Ethanol Production" Science 310, 1746-1747, (2006) (reviewed letter)

Wyman, C.; Dale, B.E.; Elander, R.T.; Holtzapple, M.; Ladisch, M.R.; Lee, Y.Y. "Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies," Bioresource Technology 96, 1959-1966, (2005).

Teymouri, F.; Laureano-Perez, L.; Alizadeh, H.; Dale, B.E. "Optimization of the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover," 96, 2014-2018, (2005).

Wyman, C.; Dale, B.E.; Elander, R.T.; Holtzapple, M.; Ladisch, M.R.; Lee, Y.Y. "Comparative sugar recovery data from laboratory scale application of leading pretreatment technologies to corn stover," Bioresource Technology 96, 2026-2032, (2005).

Alizadeh, H.; Teymouri, F.; Gilbert, T.I.; Dale, B.E.; "Pretreatment of switchgrass by ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX)," Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 121, 1133-1142, (2005).

Laureano-Perez, L.; Teymouri, F.; Alizadeh, H.; Dale, B.E. "Understanding factors that limit enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass," Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 121, 1081-1100, (2005).

Mosier, N.; Wyman, C.; Dale, B.; Elander, R.; Lee, Y.Y.; Holtzapple, M.; Ladisch, M. "Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass," Bioresource Technology 96, 673-686, (2005).

Kim, S.; Dale, B.E. "Life cycle assessment of various cropping systems utilized for producing biofuels: Bioethanol and biodiesel," Biomass & Bioenergy 29, 426-439, (2005).

Kim, S.; Dale, B.E.; "Life cycle assessment study of biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates) derived from no-tilled corn," International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 10, 200-210, (2005).

Kim, S.; Dale, B.E. "Life cycle inventory information of the United States electricity system," International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 10, 294-304, (2005).

Kim, S.; Dale, B.E. "Environmental aspects of ethanol derived from no-tilled corn grain: nonrenewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions," Biomass and Bioenergy 28, 475-489, (2005).

Teymouri, F.; Laureano-Perez, L.; Alizadeh, H.; Dale, B. E. "Ammonia Fiber Explosion Treatment of Corn Stover," Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 113-116, 951-963, (2004).

Teymouri, F.; Alizadeh, H.; Laureano-Perez; L.; Dale, B. E.; Sticklen, M. "Effects of Ammonia Fiber Explosion Treatment on Activity of Endoglucanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus in Transgenic Plant," Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 113-116, 1183-1191, (2004).

Kim, S.; Dale, B. E. "Global Potential Bioethanol Production from Wasted Crops and Crop Residues," Biomass and Bioenergy. 26, 361-375, (2004).

Kim, S.; Dale, B. E. "Cumulative Energy and Global Warming Impact from the Production of Biomass for Biobased Products," Journal of Industrial Ecology. 7 (3-4), 147-162, (2004).

Kim, S.; Dale, B. E. "Life Cycle Assessment Study of Biopolymers (Polyhydroxyalkanoates) Derived from No-Tilled Corn," International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Online First, 1-11 (2004).

Weimer, P. J.; Mertens, D. R.; Ponnampalam, E.; Severin, B. F.; Dale, B. E. "FIBEX-treated rice straw as a feed ingredient for lactating dairy cows" Animal Feed Science and Technology 103, 41-50, (2003).

Sulbaran-de-Ferrer, B.; Aristiguieta, M.; Dale, B. E.; Ferrer, A.; Ojeda-de-Rodriguez, G. "Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Ammonia-Treated Rice Straw", Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 105-108, 155-164, (2003).

Dale, B. E. "Greening the Chemical Industry: Research and Development Priorities for Biobased Industrial Products" J. of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 78, 1093-1103, (2003).

Zhong, H.; Teymouri, F.; Chapman, B.; Maqbool, S.B.; Sabzikar, R.; El-Maghraby, Y.; Dale, B.E.; Sticklen, M. B. "The pea (Pisum sativum L.) rbcS transit peptide directs the Alcalignenes eutrophus polyhydroxybutyrate enzymes into the maize (Zea mays L.) chloroplasts" Plant Science 165, 455-462, (2003).

Books, Chapters, Monographs

Sendich, E.D. and B. E. Dale. (2009). Environmental and economic analysis of the fully integrated biorefinery. Global Change Biology- Bioenergy. 1: 331-345.

Huber, G. and B. E. Dale. (2009). Grassoline at the Pump. Scientific American. July. Pg. 52-59

Youngmi Kim, Rick Hendrickson, Nathan S. Mosier, Michael R. Ladisch , Bryan Bals,Venkatesh Balan, Bruce E. Dale, Bruce S. Dien, Michael A. Cotta. (2010) Effect of compositional variability of distillers' grains on cellulosic ethanol production. Bioresource Technology 101:5385-5393

Shishir P. S. Chundawat, Venkatesh Balan, Leonardo da Costa Sousa, Bruce E. Dale. (2010). Characteristics of an ideal thermochemical pretreatment for reducing recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to biological processing. Bioalcohol production- Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, Jeith Waldron (Ed.) Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 3, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, (CRC press) pp 24- 72.

Ming J. Lau & Ming W. Lau & Christa Gunawan & Bruce E. Dale. (2010). Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment, Enzymatic Hydrolysis, and Fermentation on Empty Palm Fruit Bunch Fiber (EPFBF) for Cellulosic Ethanol Production. Applied Biochem. Biotechnol. Ahead of print. DOI 10.1007/s12010-010-8962-8

Saurav Datta, B.D. Bals, Yupo J. Lin, M.C. Negri, R. Datta, L. Pasieta, Sabeen F. Ahmad, Akash A. Moradia, B.E. Dale and Seth W. Snyder. (2010). An attempt towards simultaneous biobased solvent based extraction of proteins and enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic materials from distiller's grains and solubles. Bioresource Technology 110, 5444-5448.

Qianjun Shao, Shishir PS Chundawat, Chandraraj Krishnan, Bryan Bals, Leonardo da Costa Sousa, Kurt D Thelen, Bruce E Dale and Venkatesh Balan. (2010). Enzymatic digestibility and ethanol fermentability of AFEX-treated starch-rich lignocellulosics such as corn silage and whole corn plant. Biotechnology for Biofuels 3:12.

Bals, B.; Dale, B.E., 2011 "Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses" Chap.4 in "Biorefinery Coproducts: Phytochemicals, Primary Metabolite, and Value-Added Biomass Processing" Ed. J. Carrier. Published by Wiley. 2011.

Schwalbach,, M.S; Keating, D.H.; Tremaine, M; Mrner, W.D.; Balan,V.; Jin,M.; Ellinger, J.; Markley, J.; Dale, B.E.; Reed, J.L.; Uppugundala, N.; Sousa, L.D.; Jin,M.; Balan, V.; Ellinger, J.; Markely, J.; Dale, B.E.; Kiley, P.J.; Landick, R. " Induction of compound stress responses during fermentation of alkaline- pretreated corn stover hydrolysate affect biofuel production by an Escheria coli ethanolgen: Applied Microbiology Biotechnology (Accepted) (2012).

Chundawat, SPS; Bals, B.; Campbell, T.; Sousa, L.; Gao, D.; Jin, M.; Eranki, P.; Garlock, R.; Teymouri, F.; Balan, V.; Dale,BE. "Primer on Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreatment" Chapter for the book titled "Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals" Wiley Blackwell (Pub) Edited by Charles Wyam. (Communicated) (2012).

Chundawat, SPS; Balan, V.; Sousa, L.D.; Dale, B.E.; " Characteristics of an ideal thermochemical pretreatment for reducing recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass to biological processing." Bioalcohol production-Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass," Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy : Number 3, Woohead Publishing Ltd, (CRC press) pp. 24-72 (2010)

Dale, B. E. "Biofuels: Thinking Clearly About the Issues" Chapter 5 in From Energy Crisis to Energy Security. Eds. Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Clifford D. May. Published by the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. (2008).

Kim, S.; Dale B. E. "Life cycle assessment of integrated biorefinery-cropping systems: all biomass is local," Chapter 20 in Agriculture as a Producer and Consumer of Energy. Outlaw, J.L.; Collins, K.J.; Duffield, J.A., Eds., Published by CAB International (2005).

Conference Proceedings

Balan, V.; Sousa, L.D.; Chundawat, SPS; Humpula, J.; Dale, BE "Overview to Ammonia Pretreatments for Lignocellulosic Biorefineries," Book chapter proceedings of Bio-engergy from Wastes: Green Chemicstry Interventions, 25-26 November, 2010, National Environmental Engineering Research Insititute (NEERI)-CSIR, Dept. of Science and Technology, Gov't of India, Nehru Marg, Nagp[ur, India with Guest Editors, Drs. Pandey RA and Sarangi BK; Environmental Biotechnolgy Division, National Environmental Engineering Reserach Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India (2012).

Other Works

Huda, MS; Balan, V.; Chundawat, S.P.S.; Dale, B.E.; Drazl, L.T.; Misra, M. (Regular Patent MSU 4.1-828; US20070287795)

Dale, B.E and others. 2011. U.S. Patent #7,915,017 " Process for the Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass"

Nathanael Greene, Principal Author. Bruce E. Dale among 13 contributing authors. "Growing Energy: How Biofuels Can Help End America's Oil Dependence" December 2004.

Dale, B.E.; Weaver, J.K. "Process and Apparatus for Treating Cellulosic Materials," Russian Patent #2239329 (2004).

Dale, B. E.; Weaver, J.K. "Process and Apparatus for Treating Cellulosic Materials," Chinese Patent #99807580.9 (2004).

Dale, B. E.; Justin K. Weaver. "Process and Apparatus for Treating Cellulosic Materials" New Zealand Patent, #507-774, (2003).